News

Putin Opens New Toyota Plant in St. Petersburg

2 Comments 24 December 2007

By Brendan Moore

12.24.2007

Japan and Russia have been fighting with each other for a long time over the Kuril Islands, and that fight has gotten a lot more heated recently. This has made Russian President Vladimir Putin more than a little unhappy with Japan. So how do you warm the cold heart of a guy like Putin if you’re Japanese?

Apparently all it takes is building a big auto factory in Russia. President Putin was on hand Friday at the opening ceremony for the $202 million Toyota factory that is capable of producing 50,000 vehicles a year soon, and 300,000 vehicles when it gets up to full capacity. Toyota’s president, Katsuaki Watanabe was there, too, and said some nice things about Russia, Russian workers, etc. and Putin responded in kind by saying ” “The relationship between Russia and Japan is getting better, and the opening of the plant is a serious step to increase the trust between the two countries,” Putin said. “The expansion of trade and economic ties between our countries will help the solution of other problems”, stated Putin, in an obvious reference to the territorial issues between Russia and Japan.

Toyota is nipping at the heels of Ford in putting in a new factory in Russia, but has beaten other auto manufacturers to the punch; competitors like GM, Nissan and Hyundai all plan to open up large factories in the same region of Russia in the next couple of years.

Mr. Putin is smiling somewhere.

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Features

New Ford Mondeo 2.3 Liter

5 Comments 21 December 2007

By Alex Ricciuti

12.21.2007


We are all familiar by now with the problems that afflict Ford (as well as GM and Chrysler). There’s a whole ‘Things to Fix’ list of it, from uncompetitive vehicles in their passenger car line-up to skyrocketing health-care costs. The former is of their own doing, due to Ford’s lack of investment in smaller vehicles in order to favor development of SUVs whose sales exploded in the 90s. The latter, is really something that’s out of their hands.

But that is the Detroit Ford. Ford of Europe is another story. It is another universe – product-wise and everything else-wise. Ford’s European subsidiary is profitable and helping to save the entire company. Even Ford’s thoroughly revamped US product range which they’ve begun rolling out, with the hope that a whole new lineup by 2010 will turn its fortunes around, is greatly influenced by its designs from Cologne.

To bear the reality of the matter, Ford of Europe is essentially a German car maker. It’s based in Cologne, Germany and its engineering and design is all done their by local staff, with most of its manufacturing still there. (They do have a substantial amount of parts made in other European countries and there’s a major plant in Genk, Belgium where the S-Max, among others, is built. More on that in the story quoted below.) And Ford has begun to behave like a German brand lately. The company has released a slew of new products clearly meant to challenge VW both in Germany and Europe-wide, taking aim at the most prestigious of the European volume brands.

They’ve been on an impressive streak with each new product a major improvement over its previous incarnation and raising the quality and design quotient of the brand. It began with the new Ford Focus which spawned a Focus ST edition that is one of the fastest and most exciting drives around and a formidable challenger to the pre-eminence of the Golf GTI. And then came the C-Max, the S-Max, and the new Mondeo this year. The S-Max is the crown jewel of their lineup and I would take a fully outfitted S-Max over a BMW X3 any time.

Last summer I reviewed the Ford S-Max and it blindsided me. You would never expect a minivan to look so sleek and drive that good. It is one of the best cars I’ve tested in years. It’s one of those rare models that delivers exactly what it promises while adding some surprises as well. The car feels as supple as the Focus ST on the road. The S-Max is exceeding Ford’s sales targets and is turning into one of the models that eats into the premium segments around it. Meaning, I’m seeing many well-to-do drivers zooming around in an S-Max whom I suspect could have opted for a BMW 3 series or an Audi A4 but choose Ford’s superb people mover for its room and comfort instead.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Ford boosts output at Genk
Michael Knauer
Automotive News Europe
December 18, 2007 – 12:01 am ET

COLOGNE – Ford of Europe is boosting production at its plant in Genk, Belgium, to meet strong demand for the sporty S-Max large minivan, named European Car of the Year for 2007, and the Mondeo sedan and wagon.

Production at the plant, which also assembles the large Galaxy minivan, will rise to 1,280 vehicles a day next April from 1,230 now by adding a “mini-night shift” in the paint department, a spokesman said.

The plant, which employs 5,700 workers, is expected to produce 275,000 vehicles this year, up 40,000 units over 2006. Ford spent 715 million euros, or about $1.03 billion at current rates, to upgrade and expand the plant in 2006.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

I’ve recently tested the new Ford Mondeo powered by a mid-range 2.3 liter engine coupled to a 6-speed automatic transmission. Ford has brought out this engine to bridge the power gap between its 2.0 liter/145hp base-level option and the 2.5T/220hp power plant that powers the afore mentioned ST as well. And as I tested the car it also became clear that this particular drive train is tuned for maximum comfort and efficiency and to help Ford reduce the average CO2 rate of its fleet.

The new Mondeo is far better looking than its predecessor, featuring one of the best examples of Ford’s ‘kinetic design’ concept. A Ford of Switzerland technician remarked to me that the car looks great in all option ranges, with the look remaining consistent with each package and not just looking it’s best with the fully optioned outfit, which he conceded was a fault the company had with past models. And that is something that you would have noticed on the past Focus and Mondeo, that the grills and wheels that gave the car it’s sporty look only came with extra cash.

The Mondeo at first feels a little underwhelming but you soon begin to feel how it’s a well put together package of engineering, from suspension to the drive train. And only when you floor the gas pedal do you realize you’re sitting on 4-banger and not a sixer. For the rest of it, it drives like a much larger engine.

On a proverbial leisurely drive sailing along the 120km/h limited autobahn just east of Zurich, the Mondeo 4 cylinder (2.3 liter with 160 hp) coupled to Ford’s 6-speed Durashift transmission felt like a refined, updated version of the Mondeo’s old 3 liter engine. This drivetrain combo runs smooth, keeps its cool and refuses to be roused. It’s quite and subtle and provides just enough power to keep you sitting satisfied if not smugly so. It’s perfectly fitting to the premium-like design and outfitting of the Mondeo.

Ford has announced this drive train will also be featured in the S-Max, which I would have thought too small an increase in power over the 140hp 2.0 liter had I not tested it in the Mondeo. It won’t make the S-Max move like the 2.5 liter/220hp engine (also in the ST) but it certainly makes the case for itself as a distinct middle option.

Now, can Ford re-invent itself as the equivalent of VW in terms of quality, design and driving dynamics? Overall, maybe they’re not there yet, but from case to case, it can and has and may even exceed VW in certain segments already. Where is VW’s answer to the S-Max? The Tiguan? Yet another small SUV trying to beat Toyota’s RAV4. Well, the S-Max is way ahead of them. Although the small SUV segment is growing quickly in Europe, my guess is the MPV/Crossover/Minivan is just a more convenient configuration. The S-Max is perfect evidence of that. If you can make a vehicle look and drive like the S-Max does while offering that kind of space and convenience, you’ve just made SUVs redundant for all except those who really go off road – which means everyone.

The blue oval stealing customers from BMW? Who’da thunk it.

Alex Ricciuti is a freelance writer and automotive journalist based in Zurich, Switzerland. He writes frequently for Automotive News Europe. He also blogs on all things automotive at eurocarguy.blogspot.com.

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News

Used Hybrids Increasing in Popularity

1 Comment 21 December 2007

By Brendan Moore

12.21.2007

Ford Escape Hybrid

People are moving towards more fuel-efficient vehicles in the new car market, and therefore it probably won’t surprise you to find out that used-car buyers have the same concerns as new car buyers. The nice plus for dealers and private sellers that sell used cars is that the used hybrids have very good residual values because of the increased demand and (so far) limited market inventory.

Just how much has interest/demand increased?

Well, here is part of a press release from CarMax, the huge used car dealership chain:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

RICHMOND, Va. (Dec. 20, 2007) –At a time of uncertain gas prices, CarMax, Inc. (NYSE: KMX) the nation’s largest retailer of used cars, says online searches for hybrid cars are on the rise. Examples of the most searched hybrid cars include the Ford Escape Hybrid, Toyota Prius and Toyota Camry Hybrid. These hybrids are climbing in popularity based on recent month-to-month trends of searches for hybrid cars on the carmax.com website. November 2007 carmax.com data indicated that searches for hybrid cars have increased 10% over last year and 43% from October to November. “One of the ways we know that people are looking more for hybrid vehicles is by monitoring the search activity on our website,” said Tom Folliard, president and chief executive officer of CarMax. “Hybrid cars are increasingly making an impression on car shoppers and searches on carmax.com are reflecting that.” The following hybrid cars experienced the largest increases in carmax.com search activity:

Make/Model: October to November 2007 Increase
Ford Escape Hybrid: 108%
Toyota Prius: 56%
Toyota Camry Hybrid: 48%
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

CarMax’s press release does not mention if they’re holding big margins (how odd, right?) when they sell their used hybrid vehicles, but it’s a pretty safe bet that they are benefiting from the same market forces at work in the used hybrid market. Frankly, there just aren’t a lot of used hybrids to be had out in the market, so it’s pretty much a seller’s market. On either coast of the United States, that situation is even more pronounced. In California, a used hybrid is tough to find.

Just as an FYI to prospective hybrid buyers, the Prius is tapped out in terms of getting a tax credit when purchased new, but there are still many hybrid vehicles that qualify for the full tax credit when purchased new. Deducting the tax credit from the purchase price may get you fairly close to what a slightly used one costs, and if the price is close, it may be in your best interests to consider a new version of whatever hybrid you want.

If you want a less-expensive Prius than a new one (and 50% of hybrid owners own a Prius), then it’s down to surfing CarMax, Craigslist or eBay, etc. in order to locate a used one.

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News

GM Unveils 2009 Corvette ZR1

6 Comments 20 December 2007

The King of the Hill Returns!

By Chris Haak

12.20.2007

One of the worst-kept secrets in the auto industry for the past year or two was that GM was working on a super Corvette with 600 plus horsepower, forced induction, and performance up to par with the world’s elite supercars. After years of denying the program’s very existence, GM trotted out a lightly-disguised version of this car (without confirming its name) for a few hot laps at Laguna Seca in October, but still didn’t confirm the name or reveal its final shape.

Last night, GM pulled the wraps off of the ZR1 (previously referred to as “Blue Devil,” “Corvette SS” or “Z07″) as an early Christmas present to the Corvette faithful. Nearly every rumor about the car, except for its likely horsepower figure (the rumors were a little optimistic) and the transmission choice (it’s a standard manual transaxle and not a DSG) turned out to be pretty accurate.

The biggest change for the ZR1 over the standard and Z06 Corvettes is the all-new supercharged LS9 small block V8 with at least 620 horsepower and 595 lb.-ft. of torque (final SAE certification has not yet been completed on this engine). The engine will be hand built at GM’s performance build center, which also assembles the LS7 engine found in the Corvette Z06 and the supercharged 4.4 liter Northstar V8 engines found in the Cadillac XLR-V and STS-V.

Other go-fast goodies featured on the ZR1 include a beefed-up rear axle, stronger transmission, a new twin-disc clutch, and large carbon-ceramic brake rotors. The front brakes have a 15.5 inch diameter and the rear brakes have a 15 inch diameter, and are accompanied by six-piston calipers in the front and four-piston calipers on the rear. The car rides on 20 inch wheels in the rear and 19 inch wheels in the front, fitted with Michelin Pilot Sport 2 tires developed specifically for the ZR1.

The ZR1 is built on an aluminum-intensive chassis that the Z06 uses, and also has several weight saving features such as a carbon fiber hood, roof, roof bow, rocker molding, and front splitter. In spite of the exotic weight saving materials used, the ZR1 tips the scales at approximately 3,350 pounds, which is about 200 pounds heavier than the Z06. The weight gain can be primarily attributed to the ZR1′s wider fenders, larger wheels, the addition of magnetic selective ride control, and the supercharger and related hardware.

As a Corvette enthusiast, I think the styling changes for the ZR1 are aggressive and attractive. You won’t mistake this car for any other Corvette if you spot it cruising down the road. On the interior, I’m a little disappointed that it’s no better than the base Corvette with the 4LT leather wrap package, except for the ZR1 logos on the seats. I wish the car came with a twin clutch automated manual transmission, at least as an option, for ultimate performance, and I wish the curb weight were closer to the ZR1′s. Finally, as thrilled as I am to see this car without any disguises, I’m disappointed that GM chose to reveal it now rather than waiting three weeks to unveil it in Detroit at the North American International Auto Show. The only suspense around this car in Detroit will be its final horsepower and torque numbers, but I don’t expect them to deviate much from the “at least” numbers.

Pricing has not been revealed for the ZR1, but expect it to be around $100,000. It sounds like a lot of money for a Corvette (or for a GM vehicle, for that matter), until you consider all of the expensive, exotic technology packed into this car and how superlative its performance will be.

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News

Tata Will Show World’s Lowest-Price Car at Auto Expo

4 Comments 20 December 2007

By Brendan Moore

12.20.2007

Tata announced yesterday that they would finally show their $2500 USD car to the world at the Auto Expo in New Delhi on January 10, 2008.

There has been an immense amount of chatter and speculation regarding the vehicle since Tata announced it was in development and now the world will get to see just what $2500 buys.

Tata is currently getting to ready to seal the deal to purchase the two iconic British luxury brands, Jaguar and Land Rover, and will now have the distinction of selling the world’s lowest-priced car as well. Tata plans to launch their “one-lakh” (100,000 rupees or $2500) car in late 2008.

This is merely the start of the contest to make very low-priced cars in India. Renault-Nissan, in partnership with Bajaj Auto, an Indian auto manufacturer are feverishly working on a $3000 car. India’s masses are hungering for cars and the auto companies intend to fulfill that need, no matter what the price point.

Jaguar, Land Rover, and now, the one-lakh car – that covers the top and bottom of the market, with not much in-between for Tata.

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News

Possibly the Next Big Thing

3 Comments 20 December 2007

By Blake Muntzinger

12.20.2007

As a transplanted American in France, I, admittedly, have suffered from an arguably slight case of culture shock ranging from dog “gifts” on the sidewalk to transportation strikes. However, the French (and European) voiture-buying public have been doing something for a while that makes sense, and it’s been successful: LAVs (or Leisure Activity Vehicles).

Oh yes. In a world of SUVs, MPVs, APVs, XUVs, and SUTs comes yet another acronym that will mean little to anyone outside an automaker’s marketing department. Nevertheless, these compact vans offer utility Americans find in most SUVs with compact car fuel economy. Interestingly enough, no LAVs are sold in the United States. Since Congress passed the CAFE bill, however, American automakers would be smart to give the LAV another look.


Take Renault’s Kangoo. Redesigned for 2008, it’s been on the market in France for just over 10 years. A hit with families and small businesses alike, the Kangoo allows easy access to the backseat with dual-siding doors. It’s plentiful windows make it a safe haven for the claustrophobic. Mazda offers the same setup with its Mazda5, but the Kangoo is 15.8 inches shorter and slightly taller than the 5. The Renault is 10.5 inches shorter than the Chevrolet’s HHR Panel vehicle, Kangoo’s closest light commercial rival.

Renault’s Kangoo is singled out because of a possible deal between Chrysler and Nissan. Chrysler, whose product lineup could use some shock therapy, could take advantage of Nissan’s relationship with Renault and ship the Kangoo to the States. Market it as a light duty Dodge truck, and it’s the spiritual replacement for the axed short wheelbase Caravan. Not to say the Kangoo is the complete solution for Chrysler, but it’s a start. (One word: Twingo.)

Chrysler isn’t the only company with the chance. General Motors could sell its Opel Combo Cargo as a Chevrolet. Its design would work well for small businesses in downtown areas across the country, especially as gas prices remain high. Ford had its Transit Connect headed for American shores until recently. An opportunity missed, but hopefully Ford will find a way to sell it in the US, even if it’s not right away.


If an American marque doesn’t do it, someone else will. Volkswagen, looking to increase worldwide sales, sells the Caddy and Caddy Maxi – vehicles with clean European designs that could win over families and businesses wanting something different and chic. Peugeot and Citroën have their respective sliding-door LAVs, the Partner and Berlingo. Maybe Fiat will re-enter the US market with its Doblò van. With Alfa Romeo mulling over a new North American plant, it’s possible, but not probable.

All of these options would be great for the consumer who doesn’t want an SUV or minivan but needs its versatility. It would be another great chance for an American automaker to take the lead in a domestic market segment instead of losing it to a foreign manufacturer.

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Features

Ginetta Keeps the British Sports Car Flag Flying

3 Comments 20 December 2007

By Andy Bannister

12.20.2007

These are anxious times for many of Britain’s low-volume sports car makers, hit hard by the high cost of manufacturing and spiralling development costs to keep abreast of the latest regulations.

Some long-standing names have fallen by the wayside lately, notably TVR (at least for the time being) as well as Marcos.

It’s nice therefore to report that one marque, Ginetta, seems to be bucking the trend and investing in the future. Its owner, LNT Automotive, has just opened a new 80,000 square foot factory in Leeds, Yorkshire. Guest of honour at the ceremony last week was former Formula 1 World Champion, Damon Hill.

Ginetta is admittedly not the most famous name in motoring, but is a good example of that traditional British tradition of muddling though, having been through good times and bad many times before, only to keep re-emerging.

The company was founded back in 1958 by the four Walklett brothers to manufacture cars designed mainly for racing, and that emphasis still applies today. Ginetta is one of the most important makes producing cars specifically designed to introduce talented young drivers to motorsport.

Introduced in 1961, the Ford-engined Ginetta G4 model proved a major success on the track and as a fun road car throughout the 1960s. Such was its impact that it was then subsequently revived as a kit car in the1980s, in an unsuccessful attempt to fill the gap left by the demise of traditional British roadsters, and it has more or less lived on ever since.

From the late 1960s the company also began to develop more civilised closed coupés, notably the Hillman Imp-based G15, of which around 800 were made, and the pretty little G21, an attractive GT of the 1970s powered by Sunbeam mechanicals. This latter car suffered badly from the mid 1970s fuel crisis, meaning Ginetta failed to follow rivals like Lotus and TVR upmarket, preferring instead to stay in touch with the budget and track end of the sports car market.

In the 1980s Ginetta lived hand-to-mouth producing Ford-derived kit cars, leading on to the mid-engined G32 and the very attractive G33 with its Rover (ex-Buick) V8 engine. The company changed hands several times and production ebbed and flowed with the fortunes of the owners.

Today, as it gears up to celebrate the marque’s 50th anniversary in 2008, the future is looking bright for Yorkshire-based Ginetta, which offers a promising line-up of cars which owe much to the spirit of the original G4.

The minimalist G20 has only a wind deflector to protect its driver and passenger from the elements, although a GT4 coupé derivative does offer all-weather protection. They cost around £16,000 ($32,000) as road car and feature lightweight fibreglass bodies and 1400cc Ford Zetec SE engines. These Ginettas are perfectly road-legal, if hardly the most practical everyday cars, with comfort sacrificed in the interests of handling and performance.

Understandably, therefore, they are still best known as track cars. The little Ginettas compete in various one-make championships including one for drivers between 14 and 16. There is also a GT4R version designed specifically for rallying.

The company’s ambitious plans for the future are shown not just by the new factory but with the development of a brand new G50 300bhp lightweight race car. This has already sold out of its initial 26-car run.

Confusingly, as a result of the chequered history of the brand, the Ginetta heritage and name also lives on in two models produced by a separate company based in another part of England. DARE (Design and Research Engineering), based in Essex, sells an updated Ginetta G4 and a closed version, the G12. DARE has links to some of the Walkletts, whose family lost control of the original company in 1989.

Both these vehicles offer more traditional styling than the “rival” Yorkshire Ginettas, but are in much the same spirit.

Two companies in the same country producing different versions of a car with the same name sounds a little like a recipe for disaster, but in these small niches of the market it seems to work well enough.

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News

Nissan and Chrysler May Swap Product

6 Comments 19 December 2007

By Brendan Moore

12.19.2007

Nissan and Chrysler have been discussing the possibility of producing vehicles for each other, but the two CEOs have not yet met regarding the possible deal. Still, the Japanese newspaper Nikkei reported that sources from both automakers say that a deal could be announced within the next few weeks.

Such a partnership would be a good deal for both companies. Nissan would love to get things like: a diesel engine for the Titan (they could piggyback on Chrysler’s diesel engine supplier deal), another pickup truck platform, maybe the Hemi engine for a model here and there, and lastly, the big enchilada, the minivan platform.

What does Chrysler need? That’s easy – everything small that Nissan makes that gets good or great fuel economy. Chrysler is desperate for such cars now, and their desperation will grow even greater when the new CAFE standards are adopted.

But any relationship between Nissan and Chrysler will inevitably become an international ménage a trios at some point, because Renault, Nissan’s current partner owns 44.3% of Nissan and not coincidentally, would also like another crack at the U.S. market it abandoned previously. Chrysler would present an excellent springboard back into a market it left so ignominiously. There is also a possibility that Renault may wish to dip into the Chrysler LLC truck platform inventory for a commercial truck or two. Renault sells vehicles in a lot of developing countries and such truck platforms might be quite useful in those markets.

There are interesting possibilities all-around when looking at a deal between Nissan and Chrysler. If I’m Bob Nardelli, the CEO at Chrysler, I love a deal like this, because I have no small cars now, no small cars in the future product-pipe, no money for development of those cars, and the price of gasoline keeps rising. A pact with Nissan solves one of Chrysler’s product problems.

If I’m Carlos Ghosn, the CEO of Renault-Nissan, I love the deal as well, but for different reasons. I get the minivan, maybe a couple of big engines, and I also get to make and sell a lot more small Nissan cars which Chrysler will buy and put their badges on, which makes those small cars that much more profitable because I’m spreading out the production costs over a larger volume. And I pry the door to the American market open for Renault.

It’s a very intriguing deal concept and it will be interesting to see how it plays out.

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News

Chrysler Lauds New Energy Bill

2 Comments 18 December 2007

Who do they think the’re fooling?

By Kevin Miller

12.18.2007

The following statement from Robert Nardelli, Chairman and CEO, Chrysler LLC, Regarding New, Nationwide U.S. Fuel Economy Standards, was released today on Chrysler’s Firehouse.biz news blog as well as on their media site:

“We commend the Congress for passing an energy bill today and we fully support it being signed into law. Chrysler is committed to meeting the fuel economy standards of the bill and doing our part to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and our country’s reliance on foreign oil. We continue to devote significant resources to develop quality, fuel efficient products that our customers expect. This year alone, we offer six vehicles that get 28 miles per gallon or better, and more are on the way.”
Remember that no domestic automaker, Chrysler included, was supporting this strict energy bill earlier this year, so today’s statement smells like an insincere PR move, attempting to make it look like Chrysler embraces the opportunity to engineer and manufacture more efficient vehicles. Chrysler will necessarily devote their resources to developing fuel efficient products, or else they won’t have any vehicles to sell when the fuel economy standards are raised.
The fact that Chrysler currently offers just six vehicles that get 28 MPG or better is barely worth tallking about; it merely serves to point out that Chrysler doesn’t have many fuel-efficient vehicles. Last week, Nardelli let Jason Vines, Chrysler’s veteran PR chief go; now he’s making underwhelming statements like the canned, patronizing quote above. It sounds now like Chrysler needs to get their PR group in order as well as needing to get desirable new product to market. I wish them good luck with those tasks… they’ll need it.

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News

VW Will Offer Turbo CNG Passat

3 Comments 18 December 2007

By Brendan Moore

12.18.2007


Quick, what’s the most popular fleet car in Germany?

You are very smart to guess the Volkswagen Passat. And according to an article in Automotive News Europe, Volkswagen is being very smart by planning to offer a version of the Passat that will run on either gasoline or compressed natural gas (CNG). CNG is currently selling at .90 euro a liter while gasoline is priced at 1.35 euro a liter.

The Passat will offer the world’s first turbocharged engine that will run on either gasoline or CNG. The engine is reputed to be a version of VW’s 1.4 liter turbocharged engine and is expected to produce a minimum of 150 hp.

Fiat, Opel and Peugeot are reportedly all working on similar powerplants.

The Europeans seem to do interesting things with turbocharged engines – the Saab BioPower 9-5 is the world’s only turbocharged engine that can run on bio-fuel.

It is expected that fleet customers will heartily embrace the new powerplant option in the Passat as it will significantly lower their running costs.

2007 VW Caddy van

VW plans to offer the same engine in the VW Touran minivan, the lower-level Golf and the Caddy commercial van.

2007 VW Caddy truck

Just as an FYI for our American readers, there is another version of the Caddy that is the modern version of what we knew as the VW Rabbit pickup. VW still produces the pickup version in South Africa (the stamping was shipped from VW’s plant in Pennsylvania).

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